Background & Objective: In many developed and modern countries, every year obesity has imposed costs and expense to the countries health system and inconvenience and difficulties for people; in modern societies, these concerns are not limited to specific age, social level or races. According to statistics by the World Health Organization (WHO), about 10% of 5 17-year-old school children are overweight, and 3% of them are obese. In the US, this number is roughly 33% (10% obese) and, in Europe, it is 20% (4% obese). Nowadays, obesity in children is considered one of the most critical health problems that European countries are dealing with, mostly in Italy, Greece, and Spain. Based on literature obesity in childhood has caused the most damage to southern European countries. Moreover based on a report from Asian and Middle East countries, the issue of being overweight and obese turned out to be a global problem so that, in the past years, a massive increase in the number of overweight children population has been reported. Iran, as a fast developing country confronting the increasing phenomenon of urban living and industrialization, the prevalence of obesity among children has increasingly been raised more than the expected percentage in recent years. The percentage has increased by population growing old. As such, prevailing rate of 17% epidemic of overweight and obesity at the beginning of primary school has made Iran correspondent with the big cities in Europe. Among the reasons of rapid overweight growth is the nutrient transition that Iran experienced from the 1990s onward and then it confronted an increased amount of received energy and decreased physical activity, leading to overweight during recent years. In a study in one of the Iran’ s city by Tilaki et al., in 2011, the amount of overweight and obesity epidemic among 7 12 year old children was reported, respectively, as 12. 3% and 5. 8% and, in another survey done at female primary school in Tehran, this amounts were reported, respectively, as 13. 2% and 7. 7%. Obesity and overweight have many effects on children movement patterns, so the purpose of this study was the effect of obesity on the gait patterns kinematics factors in children. Methods: The purpose of this article was to study the effect of obesity on the gait patterns kinematics factors in children. For this reason, 20 students’ boys’ age 7-9 chose based on weight – age percentile diagram from between 90 voluntaries and were classified in two normal and overweight groups. All the children were healthy and had no physical abnormality. The children’ s gait was normal. The SEKA instrument was used for evaluation weight and height and 3D motion analysis was used for measuring gait parameters such as walking speed, stride length, stride width, single support phase duration, double support and swing phase duration. A t-test was used run for data analysis. SPSS 19 was used for statistical analysis and significance was defined as p<0. 05. Results: Based on the findings of this study, with continued overloud on children’ s movement system, there is no significant difference between parameters of gait such as stride length (0. 075), stride width (0. 325), and walking speed (0. 978), while there was a significant difference in swing phase (0. 004), double support (0. 036) and single support (0. 003) phases duration, between normal and overweight children groups. Conclusion: The result of the present study showed that overweight and obesity affects some of the spatiotemporal parameters in children’ s gait which can cause changes in obese children gait pattern. On other hands, attention to children walking pattern, specifically the obese children, can produce more information and awareness about gait characteristics in obese children and also, it can help to solve movement problem to prevent of probability injury and next malformation. For this reason, we recommend spending more attention to obesity and overweight in children; this attention can avoid expenditure society and help to have a healthy community in the future.

Objective: This study was under taken to consider the effect of strength training on some kinematics parameters of gait (step length, cadence and speed walking).Materials & Methods: Twenty-four healthy elderly women (with average and standard deviation age of 61.532.84± years, height of 157.15.5± cm, weight of 69.137.6± kg and BMI 286/3±1/ kg/m3) participated in this study. The strength of lower limb assessed using leg press test. The subjects were randomly divided in to control and experimental group. Video camera, 3DMax, Premier and Photoshop soft ware’s were used to measure speed walking, cadence and step length before and after training program. The control group continued their daily activity, while experimental group were in eight weeks for strength training for lower limb and body stabilizer muscles. Within group differences using T-test for independent groups and between group differences were analyzed using by T-test for dependent group before and after training at significant level of 005/. Results: The changes of speed walking and lower limb strength weren't significant in control group. While significant differences observed in step length and speed walking and lower limb strength in experimental group. In comparison between groups, except of cadence, step length, speed walking and lower limb strength showed significant increase in experimental group. Conclusion: The results confirmed the effectiveness of strength training and increasing lower limb and stabilizer muscles strength on step length and speed walking in healthy elder women.

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the kinematics effects of carrying ‎the school backpack with four different weights on the parameters of gait cycle and ‎posture of youngsters aged between 12 and 14‎‏.‏ The subjects (n=120) in this research were 12 volunteer boys with the average age of ‎‎13.26±0.32 years and the average weight of 54.96±7.7 kg. The subjects carried ‎backpacks with four different levels to their body weight (BW): 0% (control group), ‎‎7.25% (the average weight of backpacks used by subjects), 10% (5.5 kg) and 15% ‎‎(8.3 kg) during a 200m course with natural pace, all in random order. The subjects' ‎gaits were cinematographed in both static and dynamic manners, with the speed of 60 ‎frames per second. The "Win Analyzer" software was used to analyze the films on the ‎basis of kinematics. The following results were obtained: 1) comparing to 0% load ‎condition, increase in weight of backpacks of youngsters by 10% or more induced a ‎significant decrease in left and right stride length, an increase in stride frequency, ‎increase in forward lean of trunk and head in static and dynamic body posture. 2) No ‎significant difference was found in the measures between 7.25 and 0% body weight. ‎Based on the results, we advise that backpack weight of school youngsters aged ‎between 12 and 14 should not be heavier than 7.25 to 10% of their body weight‏.‏

Background and Aims: One of the most commonly used human movements that plays an essential part of many daily activities and competitive or group sports is gait. Gait initiation is the first step after changing from static to dynamic status of walking and gait termination is the last step before changing from dynamic to static status. By accepting the effect of the properties of floor coverings, people's age, diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders on biomechanical parameters of human's movement, it seems that not only the pattern of muscular activity and the biomechanical parameters of gait initiation and gait termination are different from the routine gait, but these variables are influenced by individual's conditions and various surfaces on which people move on, too. On the other hand, people's imbalance and fall often occur at gait initiation or gait termination. Identifying kinematic and kinetic parameters of gait initiation and gait termination provides useful information to recognize the disturbances of this phase of gait, its pathology, and performance correction. The aim of the present study is reviewing studies carried out since the end of the twentieth century on biomechanical variables of gait initiation and gait termination in different groups and different conditions. Materials and Methods: Searching articles was done from databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Mendely, using “ gait initiation, gait termination, kinematics, and kinetics” keywords. More than 300 articles on the pattern of muscle activity and biomechanical parameters of gait initiation and gait termination were found. After studying and deleting articles with similar results and articles on therapeutic protocols from the total number of articles, more than 40 articles that were directly related to the subject matter were studied. Results: From among the papers located, several studies were about planned and unplanned gait initiation or gait termination, gait initiation or gait termination on different floor coverings, in various age groups or people with musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: According to the articles studied, it can be stated that different motor strategies are used at gait initiation at low and high velocities and the young and old groups always uses different muscle activity patterns in different phases of gait initiation. It seems that athletes and active people benefit from better muscle strength and shorter reaction times to prevent collapse and injury making use of compensatory mechanisms.

Background and Aim: Aging reduces the physiological function of the body and perturbs the gait. On the other hand, based on the previous studies, regular physical activities postpone these perturbations. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of Pilate's exercises on some lower extremity kinematics parameters in healthy sedentary middle age women during walking. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 healthy middle-aged sedentary women, between 50-45 years old, were purposefully selected to participate in the present study. In pre-test, each participant placed on a treadmill, then she walked on the treadmill for one minute. Then, the final 30-second of walking was recorded using the two-dimensional motion analysis system with 6 cameras at 120 Hz speed rate. Then, participants performed eight weeks of Pilates which was followed by a post-test similar to the pre-test. The Cortex software was used for data processing. Statistical analyses of data was performed using SPSS, version 22, running a paired T-test at a significant level of 0. 05. Then, The desired parameter, including the hip, knee, and ankle motion range during the swing and stance phases were measured. Moreover, hip, knee, and ankle joint angles at both the heel contact and toe off moments were evaluated. Finally, the length step parameter was extracted, as well. Result: The results showed no significant differences between the evaluated parameters. Conclusion: The present study showed that the eight weeks of Pilates training does not affect the lower extremity kinematics during walking in healthy sedentary middle-aged women. This must be due the fact that the aging physiological problems in middle aged women are less than those in the elderly.